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33. Douglas Little, American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 223; Cordovez and Harrison, Out of Afghanistan, 16–17, 23–28.

34. Scott, The Road to 9/11, 77–79; Little, American Orientalism, 150.

35. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 46, 49; McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 475–78.

36. New York Times, March 13, 1994.

37. Robert D. Kaplan, Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan (New York: Random House, 1990), 68–69.

38. See discussion in Scott, The Road to 9/11, 73–75, 117–22.

39. Brzezinski, e.g., writes that “I pushed a decision through the SCC to be more sympathetic to those Afghans who were determined to preserve their country’s independence” (Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977–1981 [New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1983], 427). On the same page he writes that “I also consulted with the Saudis and the Egyptians regarding the fighting in Afghanistan.” He is silent about the early, decisive, and ill-fated contact with Pakistan.

40. Cordovez and Harrison, Out of Afghanistan, 163.

41. M. Emdad-ul Haq, Drugs in South Asia: From the Opium Trade to the Present Day (New York: Palgrave, 2000), 188. According to a contemporary account, Americans and Europeans started becoming involved in drug smuggling out of Afghanistan from the early 1970s; see Catherine Lamour and Michel R. Lamberti, The International Connection: Opium from Growers to Pushers (New York: Pantheon, 1974), 190–92.

42. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 447.

43. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 458; Michael Griffin, Reaping the Whirlwind: The Taliban Movement in Afghanistan (London: Pluto Press, 2001), 148 (labs); Emdad-ul Haq, Drugs in South Asia, 189 (ISI).

44. Scott, The Road to 9/11, 73–75, citing McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 475 (leading drug lords), 464 (60 percent).

45. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 461–64, 474–80; Lawrence Lifshultz, “Inside the Kingdom of Heroin,” The Nation, November 14, 1988; Peters, Seeds of Terror, 37–39.

46. Ralph Blumenthal, Last Days of the Sicilians (New York: Pocket Books, 1988), 119, 314.

47. John K. Cooley, Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America, and International Terrorism (London: Pluto Press, 1999), 128–29; Jonathan Beaty and S. C. Gwynne, The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI (New York: Random House, 1993), 305–6.

48. Beaty and Gwynne, The Outlaw Bank, 306, cf. 82; see also Stéphane Allix, La petite cuillère de Schéhérazade (Paris: Ramsay, 1998), 35, 95; Peters, Seeds of Terror, 45–46.

49. Maureen Orth, Vanity Fair, March 2002, 170–71. A Tajik sociologist added that she knew that “drugs were massively distributed at that time” and that she often heard how Russian soldiers were “invited to taste.”

50. USA Today, January 12, 2009.

51. Newsweek, April 7, 2008, http://www.newsweek.com/id/129577.

52. Times of India, November 29, 1999.

53. Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin, 2004), 536.

54. Philip Smucker, Al Qaeda’s Great Escape: The Military and the Media on Terror’s Trail (Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 2004), 9. On December 4, 2001, Asia Times reported that a convicted Pakistani drug baron and former parliamentarian, Ayub Afridi, was also released from prison to participate in the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan (http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/CL04Df01.html); Scott, The Road to 9/11, 125.

55. Peter Dale Scott, “Afghanistan, Colombia, Vietnam: The Deep Politics of Drugs and Oil,” http://www.peterdalescott.net/qov.html.