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Copyright

Copyright © 2017 by Mike Duncan.

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First Edition: October 2017

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for.

ISBN 978-1-61039-721-6 (hardcover)

ISBN 978-1-61039-722-3 (e-book)

E3-20170921-JV-PC

CONTENTS

COVER

TITLE PAGE

COPYRIGHT

DEDICATION

TIMELINE

MAP OF ROMAN ITALY

MAP OF THE REPUBLICAN EMPIRE

AUTHOR’S NOTE

PROLOGUE THE TRIUMPH OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

ONE THE BEASTS OF ITALY

TWO THE STEPCHILDREN OF ROME

THREE DAGGERS IN THE FORUM

FOUR A CITY FOR SALE

FIVE THE SPOILS OF VICTORY

SIX THE GOLDEN EARRING

SEVEN MARIUS’S MULES

EIGHT THE THIRD FOUNDER OF ROME

NINE ITALIA

TEN THE RUINS OF CARTHAGE

ELEVEN THE SPIKED BOOTS

TWELVE CIVIL WAR

THIRTEEN DICTATOR FOR LIFE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

THE ANCIENT SOURCES

SELECT MODERN SOURCES

NOTES

INDEX

For Brandi

for everything

TIMELINE146–78 BC

146 Aemilianus sacks Carthage

Mummius sacks Corinth

Senate annexes Greece and Africa 139 Secret ballot for electoral assemblies 137 Numantine Affair

Secret ballot for judicial assemblies 135 Beginning of First Servile War in Sicily 134 Aemilianus departs for Numantia

Death of King Attalus of Pergamum 133 Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus

Passage of Lex Agraria

Fall of Numantia

Beginning of Aristonicus’s revolt

Death of Tiberius Gracchus 132 Anti-Gracchan tribunal

End of First Servile War 131 Secret ballot for legislative assemblies 130 End of Aristonicus’s revolt 129 Death of Scipio Aemilianus 125 Fulvius Flaccus proposes Italian citizenship

Revolt of Fregellae 124 Lucius Opimius sacks Fregellae 123 First tribunate of Gaius Gracchus 122 Second tribunate of Gaius Gracchus

Founding of Aquae Sextiae 121 Senate issues first senatus consultum ultimum

Suicide of Gaius Gracchus

Battle of Isère River in Gaul 119 Prosecution and suicide of Gaius Carbo

Tribunate of Gaius Marius 118 Founding of city of Narbo 117 Marius fails to win aedileship

Death of King Micipsa of Numidia

Jugurtha assassinates Hiempsal 116 Adherbal appeals to Senate for aid

Opimius leads Roman delegation to Numidia

Marius elected praetor in possibly fraudulent election 115 Praetorship of Marius 114 Scordisci defeat Cato

Marius curbs banditry in Spain 113 Jugurtha attacks Adherbal

Cimbri arrive from north

Cimbri defeat Gnaeus Carbo at Noreia 112 Jugurtha besieges Cirta

Jugurtha kills Adherbal

Jugurtha’s soldiers massacre Italians

Rome declares war on Jugurtha 111 Lucius Bestia leads legions to Numidia

Bestia and Scaurus conclude peace with Jugurtha

Memmius calls Jugurtha to Rome

Prosecution and suicide of Gnaeus Carbo 110 Jugurtha assassinates Massiva 109 Jugurtha defeats Romans and forces legions to pass under the yoke

Mamilian Commission established

Metellus’s first campaign in Numidia

Cimbri return and demand land in Italy

Cimbri defeat legions led by Silanus 108 Marius elected consul

Sulla elected quaestor

Marius recruits soldiers from all classes

Jugurtha and King Bocchus of Mauretania forge alliance 107 First consulship of Marius

Marius campaigns in Numidia

Tigurini defeat legions in Gaul 106 Caepio restores control of courts to the Senate

Caepio “loses” the Tolosa gold

Marius defeats Jugurtha and Bocchus near Cirta

Birth of Cicero

Birth of Pompey the Great 105 Sulla induces Bocchus to hand Jugurtha over to the Romans

Cimbri wipe out legions at Battle of Arausio

Marius elected to second consulship 104 Second consulship of Marius

Triumph of Marius over Jugurtha

Marius reforms legions in Gaul

Beginning of Second Servile War in Sicily

Senate relieves Saturninus of his duties 103 Third consulship of Marius

Saturninus secures land for Marius’s veterans

Mallius and Caepio exiled

Lucullus defeats slave army in Sicily 102 Fourth consulship of Marius

Lucullus demobilizes legions in Sicily

Cimbri, Teutones, and Ambrones migrate south