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Putin’s Wars

Putin’s Wars

The Rise of Russia’s New Imperialism

Marcel H. Van Herpen

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD

Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK

Published by Rowman & Littlefield

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www.rowman.com

10 Thornbury Road, Plymouth PL6 7PP, United Kingdom

Copyright © 2014 by [Author or Rowman & Littlefield]

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Herpen, Marcel van.

Putin’s wars : the rise of Russia’s new imperialism / Marcel H. Van Herpen.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4422-3136-8 (cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN 978-1-4422-3137-5 (paperback : alkaline paper) — ISBN 978-1-4422-3138-2 (electronic)

1. Russia (Federation)—Relations—Russia (Federation)—Chechnia. 2. Chechnia (Russia)—Relations—Russia (Federation) 3. Chechnia (Russia)—History—Civil War, 1994– 4. Russia (Federation)—Relations—Georgia (Republic) 5. Georgia (Republic)—Relations—Russia (Federation) 6. South Ossetia War, 2008. 7. Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 1952–—Military leadership. 8. Imperialism—History—21st century. 9. War crimes—History—21st century. 10. Genocide—History—21st century. I. Title.

DK510.764.H47 2014

327.47—dc23

2013048469

^TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America

To Valérie, Michiel, and Cyrille

Author Note and Acknowledgments

English quotes of Russian, French, German, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish works were translated by the author.

In writing this book I owe a lot to the discussions with the members of the Russia Seminar of the Cicero Foundation. I want to thank Emma Gilligan, Hall Gardner, Christiane Haroche, Rona Heald, Albert van Driel, Peter Verwey, and Ernst Wolff, who read chapters of the book and gave useful feedback. I want to thank also Susan McEachern, Carolyn Broadwell-Tkach, and Jehanne Schweitzer, who, with great professionalism, shepherded the book through the editorial production process. Finally, I want also to thank my wife, Valérie, who gave me her patient support during the years of research and writing. I dedicate this book to her and to my two sons, Michiel and Cyrille, who share their father’s interest in Russian history.

Glossary and Abbreviations

ANC

African National Congress

ANI

Associazione Nazionalista Italiana

BBC

British Broadcasting Corporation

BRIC

Acronym of grouping referring to Brazil, Russia, India, and China

BRICS

Acronym of grouping referring to Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa

BRIICS

Acronym of grouping referring to Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, and South Africa

CFE

Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency (USA)

CIS

Commonwealth of Independent States

CaPRF

Cossack Party of the Russian Federation

Cheka

All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (Soviet secret service December 1917–1922)

CPRF

Communist Party of the Russian Federation

CPSU

Communist Party of the Soviet Union

CSTO

Collective Security Treaty Organization

CU

Customs Union

DMD

Dobrovolnye Molodezhnye Druzhiny (Voluntary Youth Militias)

DPNI

Dvizhenieprotiv nelegalnoy immigratsii (“Movement Against Illegal Immigration,” extreme right organization)

EU

European Union

EurAsEc

Eurasian Economic Community

FSB

Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti (Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation)

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GRU

Glavnoe Razvedyvatelnoe Upravlenie (“Main Intelligence Directorate,” Russian Military Foreign Intelligence Agency)

HJ

Hitlerjugend (Hitler Youth)

IMF

International Monetary Fund

ITAR-TASS

Russian News Agency

KGB

Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (“Committee for State Security,” secret service of the Soviet Union)

KOMSOMOL

Kommunisticheskiy Soyuz Molodezhi (“Communist Youth Union,” youth department of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union)

KTO

kontrterroristicheskie operatsii (counterterrorist operations)