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The Mighty Wurlitzer

The Mighty Wurlitzer

H O W T H E C I A P L AY E D A M E R I C A

Hugh Wilford

H A R V A R D

U N I V E R S I T Y P R E S S

Cambridge, Massachusetts

London, England

Copyright © 2008 by Hugh Wilford All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

First Harvard University Press paperback edition, 2009.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wilford, Hugh, 1965–

The mighty wurlitzer : how the CIA played America / Hugh Wilford.

p.

cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-674-02681-0 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-674-03256-9 (pbk.)

1. United States. Central Intelligence Agency.

2. Intelligence

service—United States.

3. Cold War.

4. Political culture—United

States—History—20th century.

5. Public-private sector

cooperation—United States—History—20th century.

6. United States—Politics and government—1945–1989.

I. Title.

JK468.I6W45 2008

327.1273009⬘045—dc22

2007021587

For Patty

Contents

List of Illustrations

ix

Abbreviations

xi

Introduction

1

1

Innocents’ Clubs: The Origins of the CIA Front

11

2

Secret Army: Émigrés

29

3

AFL-CIA: Labor

51

4

A Deep Sickness in New York: Intellectuals

70

5

The Cultural Cold War: Writers, Artists,

Musicians, Filmmakers

99

6

The CIA on Campus: Students

123

7

The Truth Shall Make You Free: Women

149

8

Saving the World: Catholics

167

9

Into Africa: African Americans

197

10 Things Fall Apart: Journalists

225

Conclusion

249

Notes

257

Acknowledgments

319

Index

321

Illustrations

Illustrations follow page 148.

Allen Dulles

Frank Wisner, 1934

A propaganda balloon release by the National Committee for a Free Europe

George Meany and Jay Lovestone

Sidney Hook, 1960

Arthur Koestler, Irving Brown, and James Burnham, 1950

Still from film adaptation of Orwell’s Animal Farm Henry Kissinger, 1957

U.S. National Student Association delegates at the Third International Student Conference, Copenhagen, 1953

Gloria Steinem, 1967

Cord Meyer

Dorothy Bauman

Women of the Committee of Correspondence and Third World guests on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial

Tom Dooley

x

I L L U S T R AT I O N S

Edward Lansdale, late 1940s

Bing Crosby and rosary priest Patrick Peyton, 1956

J. Peter Grace

Richard Wright

John Davis at the Second Annual Conference of the American Society of African Culture, New York City, 1959

Nina Simone and other African American jazz musicians in Lagos, Nigeria, 1961

James Farmer and James Baker in Africa, 1965

Joseph and Stewart Alsop

Warren Hinckle, Robert Scheer, and Sol Stern, 1967

Richard Helms and other members of the Katzenbach Commission with LBJ, 1967

Tom Braden, 1967

Abbreviations

ACCF

American Committee for Cultural Freedom

ACEN

Assembly of Captive European Nations

ACUE

American Committee on United Europe

ADA

Americans for Democratic Action

AFFJ

American Fund for Free Jurists

AFL

American Federation of Labor

AFME

American Friends of the Middle East

AFSCME

American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees

AFV

American Friends of Vietnam

AID

Agency for International Development

AIF

Americans for Intellectual Freedom

AIFLD

American Institute of Free Labor Development AMCOMLIB

American Committee for Liberation

AMSAC

American Society of African Culture

ANG

American Newspaper Guild

ANLCA

American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa ARCI

Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, Inc.

BSO

Boston Symphony Orchestra

CAA

Council on African Affairs

CCF

Congress for Cultural Freedom

CCNY

City College of New York

CIA

Central Intelligence Agency

xii

A B B R E V I AT I O N S

CIG

Central Intelligence Group

CIO

Congress of Industrial Organizations

COI

Coordinator of Information

CORAC

Council on Race and Caste in World Affairs, Inc.

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality

COSEC

Coordinating Secretariat of the International Student Conference

CPUSA

American Communist Party

DCI

Director of Central Intelligence

DD/P

Deputy Director/Plans

EAG

Europe-America Groups

ECA

Economic Cooperation Administration

ERP

European Recovery Program

FBI

Federal Bureau of Investigation

FO

Force Ouvrière

FTUC

Free Trade Union Committee

FYSA

Foundation for Youth and Student Affairs

HIACOM

Harvard University International Affairs Committee IAFWNO

Inter-American Federation of Working Newspapermen’s Organizations

ICFTU

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICJ

International Commission of Jurists

ILG

International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union IOD

International Organizations Division

IRC

International Rescue Committee

ISC

International Student Conference

ISI

Independent Service for Information on the Vienna Youth Festival (later Independent Research Service) IUS

International Union of Students

KGB

Committee for State Security

KIM

Young Communist International

MEDICO

Medical International Cooperation

MI6

Secret Intelligence Service (United Kingdom) MIT

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

MO

Morale Operations

MoMA

Museum of Modern Art

A B B R E V I AT I O N S

xiii

MSU

Michigan State University

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NCFE

National Committee for a Free Europe (also Free Europe Committee)

NCL

Non-communist left

NKVD